Automatic pain face analysis in mice: Applied to a varied dataset with non-standardized conditions
Niek Andresen, Manuel Wöllhaf, Jenny Wilzopolski, Annemarie Lang, Angelique Wolter, Laura Howe-Wittek, Clara Bekemeier, Leonie-Iva Pawlak, Sarah Beyer, Holger Cynis, Edith Hietel, Vera Rieckmann, Max Rieckmann, C Thöne-Reineke, Lars Lewejohann, , Katharina Hohlbaum
This paper introduces a deep learning model for automated pain face analysis in mice using the Mouse Grimace Scale, achieving high correlation with human raters and outperforming them in error magnitude.
bioRxiv · Feb 18, 2026 · PreprintAnimal Behavior & Cognition