Lactate-Driven Heterogeneity of Immune Checkpoint Expression in Breast and Lung Cancer Cell Lines
Iñigo San-Millán, Janel L. Martinez, Shivaun Lueke Pickard, Fred R. Hirsch, Chris J. Rivard, G. E. Brooks
This study shows that chronic lactate exposure in cancer cell lines induces lineage-specific immune checkpoint gene expression patterns, suggesting lactate drives broader immune escape mechanisms beyond single-checkpoint regulation.
bioRxiv · Jan 12, 2026 · PreprintCancer Biology