Pharmaceutical assessment of low global warming potential alternatives to HFA-134a in a budesonide, glycopyrrolate, and formoterol fumarate pressurized metered dose inhaler
Kellisa Lachacz, Richard Kaye, Lauren Mello, Ashley Stoker, Johannes Törnell
This paper evaluates HFO-1234ze(E) as a low-GWP alternative to HFA-134a for reformulating a budesonide, glycopyrrolate, and formoterol fumarate pMDI, showing better stability and aerosol characteristics than HFA-152a.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · Aug 12, 2026Peer-reviewedPharmacology & Toxicology