Multiple Shifts from Peptide-Based to Metabolite-Based Venoms in Ants
Eva Vandenbroucke-Menu, Leonie Rosay, Jérôme Orivel, Alain Déjean, Corrie Saux Moreau, Arnaud Billet, Vincent Courdavault, Caroline M. C. Birer-Williams, Axel Touchard
This paper identifies seven independent transitions from peptide-based to metabolite-based venoms in ants, linked to ecological and morphological changes.
bioRxiv · Sep 29, 2026 · PreprintEvolutionary Biology