Intranasal Insulin Mediates Neurodegeneration in Diabetic Retinopathy via Regulation of Inflammatory and Apoptotic Pathways
Sally Shin Yee Ong, Joanne K. Konstantopoulos, Mallory K. Suarez, Joseph Rigdon, Jian‐xing Ma, Rebecca M. Sappington
This study shows intranasal insulin reduces retinal neurodegeneration in diabetic mice by lowering inflammation and apoptosis without affecting blood glucose.
bioRxiv · Jul 23, 2025 · PreprintBiochemistry