Differences between males and females in psychostimulant/sucrose self-administration (when observed) may not necessarily be driven by biological sex.
Indu Mithra Madhuranthakam, Shakil Ahmed, Kona Basak, Azim Uddin, Mst Afroza Alam Tumpa, Alida M. Jimenez, Rachel Cherry, Adriana D. Rodriguez, Maria Chowdhury, Thomas M. Keck, Martin O. Job
This study validates the MISSING model by showing that sex differences in drug self-administration may arise from individual variability rather than biological sex.
bioRxiv · Jun 12, 2026 · PreprintNeuroscience