Parental fasting effects on offspring immune gene expression and gut microbiota in a species with male pregnancy (Syngnathus typhle).
Freya A. Pappert, Nils Newrzella, Olivia Roth
This study examines how parental fasting affects offspring immune gene expression and gut microbiota in Syngnathus typhle, showing maternal fasting reduces offspring condition and paternal fasting influences offspring immune activation and microbiome.
bioRxiv · Jun 30, 2025 · PreprintEvolutionary Biology