Direct and indirect benefits of cooperation in collective defense against predation
Raphael Ritter, Heikki Helanterä, Riikka Tynkkynen, Saskia Wutke, Carita Lindstedt
This study shows that cooperative defense in pine sawfly larvae provides both direct and indirect benefits, with individuals adjusting their contributions based on social context.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · Mar 9, 2026Peer-reviewedEvolutionary Biology