The physiological dynamic clamp allows insect flight muscle to transition between two actuation modes in virtual reality
Ethan S. Wold, Rundong Yang, Ellen Liu, Nick Gravish, Simon Sponberg
This study demonstrates that hawkmoth flight muscle can transition between stretch-activated and neural-activated modes in virtual reality, showing entrainment when activation timescales align.
bioRxiv · Aug 6, 2026 · PreprintPhysiology