2D Skeletal Muscle Thin Film Actuators Enhance Efficiency of Biohybrid Robots
Maheera Bawa, Arielle Berman, Laura Schwendeman, Ferdows Afghah, Seanbiron Johnson, Ritu Raman
This paper develops 2D skeletal muscle thin film actuators for biohybrid robots, achieving higher force generation, longer actuation longevity, and improved efficiency compared to 3D muscle actuators.
Advanced Functional Materials · Sep 28, 2026Peer-reviewedBioengineering