The historical domestication of a Clostridium botulinum strain used for the industrial production of botulinum neurotoxin
Paul Keim, Roxanne D. Nottingham, Miriam A. Guevara, Ely F. Miller, Amy J. Vogler, Charles H. D. Williamson, Theresa J. Smith, Richard G. Posner, Sabine Pellett, Richard E. Lenski, Jason W. Sahl
This paper reconstructs the genomic evolution of a Clostridium botulinum strain used for industrial botulinum neurotoxin production, identifying key mutations that drove its domestication and adaptation.
bioRxiv · Feb 26, 2026 · PreprintMicrobiology