Mortality causes and annual survival rates of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).
Tomas Willebrand, Morten Odden, Zea Walton, Gustaf Samelius, Kjartan Østbye, Bo Söderberg, Göran Spong
This study estimates mortality causes and annual survival rates of red foxes using GPS-collared data, finding hunting as the main cause and human-caused mortality exceeding natural mortality.
bioRxiv · Jul 20, 2026 · PreprintEcology