Temporal variation and drivers of Ixodiphagus hookeri parasitisation in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northern Europe
Jani Jukka Sormunen, Laura Väisänen, Jesse Mänttäri, Ilari E. Sääksjärvi, Eero J. Vesterinen, Tero Klemola
The paper presents a longitudinal study of Ixodiphagus hookeri parasitisation of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Finland, finding increasing parasitisation rates linked to global warming and factors like host and pathogen associations.
bioRxiv · Jan 15, 2026 · PreprintEcology