Evolutionary expression patterns in developing biofilms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli reveal embryo-like features
Anja Tušar, Sara Koska, Momir Futo, Niko Kasalo, Ema Svetličić, Nina Čorak, Mirjana Domazet-Lošo, Damjan Franjević, Ivan Mijakovic̀, Tomislav Domazet‐Lošo
This study shows that uropathogenic E. coli biofilms exhibit evolutionary stratification, with gene expression becoming younger and more divergent as biofilms develop.
Evolution Letters · Sep 22, 2026Peer-reviewedEvolutionary Biology