FloBuzz: A Modular Feeder System for Automated Aversive Conditioning in Bees

Understanding how environmental stressors affect pollinator behavior is essential for assessing ecosystem health. Automated flower and robotic feeder systems (AFRFSs) have transformed how pollinator foraging and learning are studied. Still, most systems remain reward-centric, limiting their ability to probe aversive learning and nociception under field conditions. Here, we present FloBuzz, a modular AFRFS that couples automated reward delivery with computer-vision-based visit detection to trigger closed-loop electric-shock stimulation in free-flying honey bees. In our setup, FloBuzz consisted of a 3D-printed feeder with a shock grid, a syringe pump with fluid-level feedback, and an electric shock stimulus trigger module that applied user-defined shock patterns. In a proof-of-concept trial that alternated between shock-free, 6 V, and shock-free, 9 V intervals, bee visitation increased over time during shock-free periods but declined during shock periods, with a steeper decline at 9 V than at 6 V, demonstrating a voltage-dependent avoidance. By enabling programmable, time-resolved aversive stimulation at an artificial flower in outdoor conditions, FloBuzz expanded AFRFS capabilities beyond purely reward-based paradigms. Evidently, FloBuzzs modular design will permit the investigation of diverse behavioral paradigms, including studies of toxin exposure, cognitive plasticity, and reward processing.