Aperiodic EEG predicts variability of visual temporal processing

The human brain exhibits both oscillatory and aperiodic, or 1/f, activity. Although a large body of research has focused on the relationship between brain rhythms and sensory processes, aperiodic activity has often been dismissed as noise and functionally irrelevant. Prompted by recent findings linking aperiodic activity to the balance between neural excitation and inhibition, we investigated its effects on the temporal resolution of perception. We recorded EEG from participants during resting state and a task in which they detected the presence of two flashes separated by variable inter-stimulus intervals. Two-flash discrimination accuracy typically follows a sigmoid function whose steepness reflects perceptual variability or inconsistent integration/segregation of the stimuli. We found that individual differences in the steepness of the psychometric function correlated with EEG aperiodic exponents over posterior scalp sites. In other words, participants with higher levels of aperiodic activity (i.e., neural excitation) exhibited increased sensory noise, resulting in shallower psychometric curves. Our finding suggest that aperiodic EEG is linked to sensory integration processes usually attributed to the rhythmic inhibition of neural oscillations. Overall, this correspondence between aperiodic neural excitation and behavioral measures of sensory noise provides a more comprehensive explanation of the relationship between brain activity and sensory integration and represents an important extension to theories of how the brain samples sensory input over time.