Comparative population genomics unveils congruent secondary suture zone in Southwest Pacific Hydrothermal Vents

Abstract

How the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors shapes current genetic diversity at the community level remains an open question, particularly in the deep sea. Comparative phylogeography of multiple species can reveal the influence of past climatic events, geographic barriers, and species life history traits on spatial patterns of genetic structure across lineages. To shed light on the factors that shape community-level genetic variation and to improve our understanding of deep-sea biogeographic patterns, we conducted a comparative population genomics study on seven hydrothermal vent species co-distributed in the Back-Arc Basins (BABs) of the Southwest Pacific region. Using ddRAD-seq, we compared the range-wide distribution of genomic diversity across species and discovered a shared phylogeographic break. Demogenetic inference revealed shared histories of lineage divergence and a secondary contact. Low levels of asymmetric gene flow probably occurred in most species between the Woodlark and North Fiji basins, but the exact location of contact zones varied from species to species. For two species, we found individuals from the two lineages co-occurring in sympatry in Woodlark Basin. Although species exhibit congruent patterns of spatial structure (Eastern vs Western sites), they also show variation in the degree of divergence among lineages across the suture zone. Our results also show heterogeneous gene flow across the genome, indicating possible partial reproductive isolation between lineages and early speciation. Our comparative study highlights the pivotal role of historical and contemporary factors, underscoring the need for a comprehensive approach--especially in addressing knowledge gaps on the life history traits of deep-sea species.