MHCBind: A Pan- and Allele-Specific Model for Predicting Class I MHC-Peptide Binding Affinity

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules are essential to the immune system because they bind and present peptide antigens to T cells, enabling immune recognition and response. The specificity of MHC-peptide interactions is crucial for understanding immune-related diseases, developing personalized immunotherapies, and designing effective vaccines. Current computational methods, while powerful, often rely on a single type of molecular information, usually sequence, and implicitly model the interaction between the two molecules. To address these limitations, we introduce MHC-Bind, a novel deep learning framework that captures a more comprehensive and biologically relevant view of the binding event. MHCBinds architecture employs a dual-view feature extraction strategy for both the MHC and the peptide. A Graph Attention Network (GAT) learns topological features from predicted residue contact maps, while a parallel 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) captures multi-scale patterns from sequence embeddings. These four distinct feature sets are then integrated in a cross-fusion module that uses an attention mechanism to model interactions between the two molecules. Finally, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) regression head maps the fused interaction signature to a precise binding affinity score. In rigorous comparative benchmarks against recent variants, such as NetMHCpan, MHCFlurry, and MHCnuggets, MHCBind demonstrates superior performance, achieving a significantly lower average prediction error (RMSE: 0.1485) and a higher correlation (PCC: 0.7231) in allele-specific contexts. For pan-allele tasks, it excels at correctly ranking peptides with a superior Spearmans Correlation (SCC: 0.7102), a crucial advantage for practical applications. The frameworks design is inherently flexible, excelling in both allele-specific and pan-allele prediction tasks.