rphenoscate: An R package for semantic-aware evolutionary analyses of anatomical traits

O_LIOrganismal anatomy is a complex hierarchical system of interconnected anatomical entities often producing dependencies among multiple morphological characters. Ontologies provide a formalized and computable framework for representing and incorporating prior biological knowledge about anatomical dependencies in models of trait evolution. Further, ontologies offer new opportunities for assembling and working with semantic representations of morphological data. C_LIO_LIIn this work we present a new R package--rphenoscate--that enables incorporating ontological knowledge in evolutionary analyses and exploring semantic patterns of morphological data. In conjunction with rphenoscape it also allows for assembling synthetic phylogenetic character matrices from semantic phenotypes of morphological data. We showcase the new package functionalities with three data sets from bees and fishes. C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate that ontology knowledge can be employed to automatically set up ontologyinformed evolutionary models that account for trait dependencies in the context of stochastic character mapping. We also demonstrate how ontology annotations can be explored to interrogate patterns of morphological evolution. Finally, we demonstrate that synthetic character matrices assembled from semantic phenotypes retain most of the phylogenetic information of the original data set. C_LIO_LIOntologies will become an increasingly important tool not only for enabling prior anatomical knowledge to be integrated into phylogenetic methods but also to make morphological data FAIR compliant--a critical component of the ongoing phenomics revolution. Our new package offers key advancements toward this goal. C_LI