Forest conversion to cashew orchards delays the diel activity of diurnal mammals in West Africa

Land-use change is the main driver of biodiversity loss worldwide. However, less is known about how species adapt their behavior to persist in human-altered habitats. We addressed this gap by examining mammal responses in terms of habitat use and diel activity patterns to forest conversion into cashew orchards in West Africa. We surveyed mammals using camera-trapping in 12 forest sites and 12 cashew orchards in the Cantanhez National Park in southwest Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. We grouped mammals into (1) diurnal and cathemeral and (2) nocturnal species according to their diel activity periods and assessed their use and diel activity between habitat types. Based on 709 trap-days, we obtained 842 records of 12 diurnal or cathemeral species (18.3% of the records) and 13 nocturnal species (81.7%). Mammal habitat use was similar between forests and cashew orchards for both diurnal/cathemeral and nocturnal species. However, the peak of diurnal/cathemeral species shifted from the morning period ([~]11h00) in the forests to the afternoon period in the cashew orchards ([~]16h30), resulting in little overlap in activity of diurnal/cathemeral species between habitat types. No differences were observed in the diel activity of nocturnal mammals. Although mammals can make use of altered habitats, diurnal species are able to delay their activity, probably to avoid direct contact with humans. Our study highlights the ability of species in adapting their behaviour to persist in newly human-modified landscapes in the tropics.