Intentionally vs. Spontaneously Prolonged Gaze: A MEG Study of Active Gaze-Based Interaction

Abstract

Eye fixations are increasingly employed to control computers through gaze-sensitive interfaces, yet the brain mechanisms supporting this non-visual use of gaze remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed 306-channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) to find out what is specific to brain activity when gaze is used voluntarily for control. MEG was recorded while participants played a video game controlled by their eye movements. Each move required object selection by fixating it for at least 500 ms. Gaze dwells were classified as intentional if followed by a confirmation gaze on a designated location and as spontaneous otherwise. We identified both induced oscillatory and sustained phase-locked MEG activity differentiating intentional and spontaneous gaze dwells. Induced power analysis revealed prominent alpha-beta band synchronization (8-30 Hz) localized in the frontal cortex, with location broadly consistent with the frontal eye fields. This synchronization began 500-750 ms before intentional fixation onset and peaked shortly after it, suggesting proactive inhibition of saccadic activity. Sustained evoked responses further distinguished the two conditions, showing gradually rising cortical activation with a maximum at 200 ms post-onset in the inferior temporal cortex during intentional fixations, likely indicative of focused attentional engagement on spatial targets. These findings illuminate the neural dynamics underlying intentional gaze control, shedding light on the roles of proactive inhibitory mechanisms and attentional processes in voluntary behavior. By leveraging a naturalistic gaze-based interaction paradigm, this study offers a novel framework for investigating voluntary control under free behavior conditions and holds potential applications for enhancing hybrid eye-brain-computer interfaces.