Wearable, High-Density, Time-Domain Diffuse Optical Tomography Array for Functional Neuroimaging

Abstract

Noninvasive functional neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), are essential tools for understanding brain activity and cognition for various neurological and mental health conditions. While fMRI offers high spatial resolution, its limited temporal resolution and costly large-form-factor restricts its accessibility and practicality for many applications. In contrast, EEG is more affordable and portable but has limited spatial resolution. In the present study, we overcome the limitations of existing neuroimaging technologies with the development of Micro-DOT, a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system capable of high-density, time-domain diffuse optical tomography (HD-TD-DOT). Micro-DOT tackles the tradeoff between form factor and spatial resolution that has been a longstanding issue with existing fNIRS systems through the use of a unique hardware architecture that arrays HD-TD-DOT-capable electronics directly at the tissue surface. This is made possible with complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) source-detector chiplets that contain all the electronics and optics necessary for HD-TD-DOT operation, and can be mounted on flexible polyimide packaging with a very minimal footprint. Pairing these hardware innovations with an advanced volumetric reconstruction software, Micro-DOT achieves in-plane spatial resolution, depth resolution, and localization accuracy comparable to fMRI, while maintaining the wearable form factor and portability of EEG, making it a viable stand-alone system for measuring subject-specific brain activation.