Modulation of Pain Perceptions Following Treadmill Running with Different Intensities and The Potential Mechanisms of Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia

Abstract

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the effects of three intensities of treadmill running on pain perceptions in healthy individuals. And investigate the role of endogenous pain modulation in the exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) effects. MethodsSixty-six healthy female individuals were included in this study and were randomly assigned to one of three treadmill running intensities for 35 minutes: 40% of their reserve heart rate (HRR), 55% HRR, or 70% HRR. The EIH effects were assessed by the changes of pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and pressure pain tolerance thresholds (PPTol) at multiple time points. The assessments were conducted prior to the treadmill running session every 5 minutes during the exercise bout, and at 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 24 hours post-exercise. The conditioned pain modulation (CPM) was also measured to determine the functions of endogenous pain modulation. ResultsCompared with baseline, there was a significant increase of PPT and PPTol at arm and leg in all groups during running and 5-10min follow-ups. The PPT and PPTol changes of moderate and low intensity groups were significantly higher than the high intensity group during running and 24h after running. While the CPM responses of high intensity group were significantly reduced compared with other groups at 24h follow-up. ConclusionModerate and low intensity running may trigger the endogenous descending inhibition and elicit significant EIH effects following running and persisting over 24h. While the high intensity running only induced limited EIH effects for the activation of both descending pain inhibition and facilitation, with reduced CPM responses. Thus, the pain perception changes following exercises may reveal the potential mechanisms of EIH induced via exercises with different intensities. New findingsWhat is the central question of this study? Both the primary analgesia effect (EIH) and secondary pain allodynia (delayed onset muscle soreness) may occur following exercises, possibly due to the interaction between endogenous pain modulation and exercise intensities. What is the difference in the changes of primary and secondary pain perceptions following exercise with different intensities? What is the main finding and its importance? Moderate and low intensity running induced acute and long-lasting EIH effects via the effective activation of descending inhibition, while the high intensity running may trigger the descending facilitation and attenuate both the acute and long-lasting EIH effects. This result preliminarily explained the non-liner effect of exercise intensity on the acute EIH responds.