Saccades orchestrate intraocular glucose to shape visual responses in birds

Birds exhibit remarkable vision despite lacking the typical network of blood vessels in their eyes. The characteristic poses a long-standing question about how avian retinas fulfill high energy demands necessary for sight. Here we show that natural, rhythmic eye movements, known as oscillatory saccades, orchestrate intraocular metabolic dynamics and attention-guided visual processing in pigeons. In a series of integrated experiments, we monitored eye movements along with glucose levels in the eye and neuronal activity in key brain regions receiving direct input from the retina. We found that these saccades generate fluctuations in intraocular glucose concentrations, closely linked to changes in neuronal visual responses over timescales of seconds to minutes. Moreover, pharmacological manipulations that altered glucose availability and eliminated these oscillatory saccades resulted in corresponding shifts in neuronal responses, demonstrating a causal linkage between oscillatory saccades, metabolic regulation, and visual processing. These findings reveal a mechanism by which birds actively evoked saccades during attention-driven information gathering, propelling retinal metabolism and facilitating their vision in the absence of retinal vasculature. This study underscores the interplay among eye movements, metabolic regulation, and high-level visual performance, suggesting broader implications for how eye movements contribute to retinal health, attention, and visual function across species.