Spatial and feature-selective attention interact to drive selective coding in frontoparietal cortex

Attention enables the selective processing of relevant information. Two types of selective attention, spatial and feature attention, have separable neural effects but in real life are often used together. Here, we asked how these types of attention interact to affect information coding in a frontoparietal multiple-demand (MD) network, essential for attentional control. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with multivariate pattern analysis, we examined how covert attention to object features (colour or shape) and spatial locations (left or right) influences coding of task-related stimulus information. We found that spatial and feature attention interacted multiplicatively on information coding in MD and visual regions, such that there was above-chance decoding of the attended feature of the attended object and no detectable coding of visually equivalent but behaviourally irrelevant aspects of the visual display. The attended information had a multidimensional neural representation, with stimulus information (e.g., colour) and discrimination difficulty (distance from the categorical decision boundary) reflected in separate dimensions. Rather than boosting processing of whole objects or relevant features across space, our results suggest neural activity reflects precise tuning to relevant information, indicating a highly selective control process that codes behaviourally relevant information across multiple dimensions.