Leeches Predate on Fast-Escaping and Entangling Blackworms by Spiral Entombment

Abstract

We investigate how the Helobdella spp. freshwater leeches capture and consume Lumbriculus variegatus blackworms despite the blackworms ultrafast helical swimming escape reflex and ability to form large tangled blobs. We describe our discovery of a unique spiral entombment strategy used by these leeches to overcome the blackworms active and collective defenses. Unlike their approach to less reactive and solitary prey like mollusks, where leeches simply attach and suck, Helobdella leeches employ this spiral entombment strategy specifically adapted for blackworms. Our findings highlight the complex interactions between predator and prey in freshwater ecosystems, providing insights into ecological adaptability and predator-prey dynamics.