Reciprocal nutritional benefits in a sponge-seagrass association

Abstract

Sponges commonly form associations within seagrass meadows, but their potential impact on seagrass productivity and nutrient cycles remains poorly understood. This study investigates the association between the demosponge Chondrilla nucula and the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica in two sampling occasions during the plant growth (spring) and senescence (autumn) seasons at a small inlet near Naples, Italy, where the sponge grows conspicuously within the seagrass bed. We found a non-linear relationship between the benthic cover of the sponge and the seagrass, with higher C. nucula cover linked to intermediate P. oceanica cover, suggesting spatial dependence. P. oceanica showed higher net primary production (NPP) in spring, while C. nucula was net heterotrophic in spring but exhibited slightly positive NPP in autumn. NPP remained stable when the two organisms were associated, regardless of the season. C. nucula consistently contributed inorganic nutrients to the association in the form of phosphate, ammonium, and substantial nitrate, recycling nutrients that potentially benefited P. oceanica in its growth season. In return, the seagrass consistently provided dissolved organic carbon, which aided sponge nutrition in spring. These findings suggest reciprocal benefits in the interaction between C. nucula and P. oceanica, with nutrient exchange facilitating a facultative mutualism that potentially supports and stabilizes the productivity of the seagrass ecosystem. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study provides a novel exploration of the reciprocal interactions between the demosponge Chondrilla nucula and the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica, revealing a facultative mutualism mediated by nutrient exchange. Our findings show a non-linear spatial dependence between sponge and seagrass cover and demonstrate the sponges substantial contributions of inorganic nutrients (phosphate, ammonium and conspicuous nitrate) to the seagrass, particularly during its productive spring season. In return, P. oceanica supplies dissolved organic matter, aiding sponge nutrition. This study uniquely quantifies these reciprocal nutrient exchanges across the plant growth and senescence seasons, demonstrating how such interactions stabilize net primary production and support ecosystem functioning. These insights address a critical gap in understanding the role of sponge-seagrass associations in nutrient cycling, highlighting their significance for the resilience, productivity, and metabolic balance of coastal ecosystems under changing environmental conditions.