Foraging competence and scrounging tolerance enhance social relationships in a socially tolerant wild primate

Abstract

Social interactions are crucial for individual health and ultimately fitness, making the choice of social partners particularly important. Previous research has shown that individuals who succeed in foraging tasks often receive increased affiliation from group members. Similarly, in a social learning context, individuals who possess valuable information become more attractive social partners. Thus, an individuals role in a foraging context-specifically, whether it is a successful producer-can influence its social relationships. Therefore, we examined the interplay between social learning, producing and scrounging behavior, and social relationships in four groups of wild redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons). We conducted an open diffusion experiment with food boxes that required animals to learn one of two techniques to open them. 27 out of 29 individuals participated in the experiment, 24 interacted with the boxes and 16 learned to open them. Initial success was better predicted by use of individual than social information, i.e., manipulating the food boxes vs. time spent watching successful individuals or scrounging. Older males were less successful than females. Scrounging occurred in about 26% of events, with on average 1.3 individuals scrounging. The technique used, age and sex of the producer did not predict scrounging frequency. Learners and males scrounged more often than non-learners and females. Among learners, less successful individuals scrounged more often and this effect was more pronounced in males. More successful individuals and those that were scrounged more often received more affiliative behavior. Thus, cognitive skills and scrounging tolerance may strengthen social relationships in this primate species.