Advancing image-based meta-analysis for fMRI: A framework for leveraging NeuroVault data

Image-based meta-analysis (IBMA) is a powerful method for synthesizing results from various fMRI studies. However, challenges related to data accessibility and the lack of available tools and methods have limited its widespread use. This study examined the current state of the NeuroVault repository and developed a comprehensive framework for selecting and analyzing neuroimaging statistical maps within it. By systematically assessing the quality of NeuroVault's data and implementing novel selection and meta-analysis techniques, we demonstrated the repository's potential for IBMA. We created a multi-stage selection framework that includes preliminary, heuristic, and manual image selection methods. We conducted meta-analyses for three distinct domains: working memory, motor, and emotion processing. The results from the three manual IBMA approaches closely resembled reference maps from the Human Connectome Project. Importantly, we found that while manual selection provides the most precise results, heuristic methods can serve as robust alternatives, especially for domains that include a heterogeneous set of fMRI tasks and contrasts, such as emotion processing. Additionally, we evaluated five different meta-analytic estimator methods to assess their effectiveness in handling spurious images. For domains characterized by heterogeneous tasks, employing a robust estimator (e.g., median) is essential. This study is the first to present a systematic approach for implementing IBMA using the NeuroVault repository. We introduce an accessible and reproducible methodology that allows researchers to make the most of NeuroVault's extensive neuroimaging resources, potentially fostering greater interest in data sharing and future meta-analyses utilizing NeuroVault data.