Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genes in stable fly- and manure-derived bacterial isolates from clinically relevant taxa in dairy settings

Abstract

AimsThis study aimed to characterize and compare the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of clinically relevant bacterial taxa isolated from biting stable flies (Stomoxys spp.) and bovine manure samples collected at a dairy research facility over the course of an entire fly breeding season. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and other antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) was also examined. Methods and resultsA total of 606 fly- and 180 manure-derived strains were tested via disk diffusion for susceptibility to commonly administered antibiotics used in veterinary and human medicine. A small percentage of Enterobacterales exhibited resistance to the tested antimicrobials, including ceftiofur and other beta-lactam antibiotics. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase genes (TEM, CTX, OXA, CMY) were detected by PCR amplification in ceftiofur-resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp. isolates. We additionally identified pirlimycin-resistant Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus spp. isolates encoding lnuA, a lincosamide resistance gene found primarily on small mobilizable plasmids. ConclusionsThese findings highlight the significance of stable flies in the carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains and plasmid-associated ARGs on dairy farms.