Integrating electric field modelling and neuroimaging to explain inter-individual variability of tACS effects

Understanding variability of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) effects is one of the major challenges in the brain stimulation community. Promising candidates to explain this variability are individual anatomy and the resulting differences of electric fields inside the brain. We integrated individual simulations of electric fields during tES with source-localization to predict variability of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) aftereffects on -oscillations. In two experiments, participants received 20 minutes of either -tACS (1 mA) or sham stimulation. Magnetoencephalogram was recorded for 10 minutes before and after stimulation. tACS caused a larger power increase in the -band as compared to sham. The variability of this effect was significantly predicted by measures derived from individual electric field modelling. Our results directly link electric field variability to variability of tACS outcomes, stressing the importance of individualizing stimulation protocols and providing a novel approach to analyze tACS effects in terms of dose-response relationships.