MinION barcodes: biodiversity discovery and identification by everyone, for everyone

Abstract

BackgroundDNA barcodes are a useful tool for discovering, understanding, and monitoring biodiversity which are critical tasks at a time of rapid biodiversity loss. However, widespread adoption of barcodes requires cost-effective and simple barcoding methods. We here present a workflow that satisfies these conditions. It was developed via "innovation through subtraction" and thus requires minimal lab equipment, can be learned within days, reduces the barcode sequencing cost to 10,000 specimens. Next, we present a novel software, ONTbarcoder, which overcomes the bioinformatics challenges posed by MinION reads. The software is compatible with Windows 10, Macintosh, and Linux, has a graphical user interface (GUI), and can generate thousands of barcodes on a standard laptop within hours based on only two input files (FASTQ, demultiplexing file). We document that MinION barcodes are virtually identical to Sanger and Illumina barcodes for the same specimens (>99.99%) and provide evidence that MinION flow cells and reads have improved rapidly since 2018. ConclusionsWe propose that barcoding with MinION is the way forward for government agencies, universities, museums, and schools because it combines low consumable and capital cost with scalability. Small projects can use the flow cell dongle ("Flongle") while large projects can rely on MinION flow cells that can be stopped and re-used after collecting sufficient data for a given project.