Assessing the influence of the Mediterranean diet on dental calculus microbiome composition: a pilot study

Human oral microbiome harbours hundreds of bacterial species, which, during evolution, assembled in different niches, such as the microbiome of saliva, tongue, hard palate, gingiva and dental plaque. Among these, saliva has been the most studied ecological niche of the oral microbiome. In this frame, scientific research has demonstrated that several factors concur to determine the saliva microbial composition, including diet, systemic diseases and drugs. However, the influence of such variables on other oral niches, such as the dental calculus, a calcified derivative of dental plaque, is still unexplored. During the last decade, dental calculus has become the primary target for evolutionary microbiome studies because of its ability to keep both bacterial DNA and dietary molecules (i.e., proteins and starch). As a consequence, dental calculus is now considered a powerful tool for obtaining information about oral microbiome composition, diet and individual health status in past populations, making it also appealing for clinical research. Here, we provide the first clinical study, to our knowledge, assessing the inter-variability of dental calculus microbiome in 40 patients. Samples were collected during routine dental inspection and analysed through 16S amplicon sequencing. In addition, we investigated the relationship between oral microbiome and host. Specifically, we tested the influence of Mediterranean diet style on the composition and functional pathways of oral bacteria, with the aim to test the dental calculus as a clinical bio-marker for diet impact and health status.