State-behavior feedbacks suppress personality variation in boldness during foraging in sticklebacks

Abstract

Consistent inter-individual variation within a population, widely referred to as personality variation, can be affected by environmental context. Feedbacks between an individuals personality and state can strengthen (positive feedback) or weaken (negative feedback) individual differences when experiences such as predator encounters or winning contests are dependent on personality type. We examined the influence of foraging on individual-level consistency in refuge use (a measure of risk-taking, i.e. boldness) in three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and particularly whether changes in refuge use depended on boldness measured under control conditions. In the control treatment trials with no food, individuals were repeatable in refuge use across repeated trials, and this behavioral consistency did not differ between the start and end of these trials. In contrast, when food was available, individuals showed a higher degree of consistency in refuge use at the start of the trials versus controls but this consistency significantly reduced by the end of the trials. The effect of the opportunity to forage was dependent on personality, with bolder fish varying more in their refuge use between the start and the end of the feeding trials than shyer fish. This suggests a state-behavior feedback, but there was no overall trend in how individuals changed their behavior, with some individuals spending more, and others less, time in the refuge area at the end than at the start of the trials. Our study shows that personality variation can be suppressed in foraging contexts and a potential but unpredictable role of feedbacks between state and behavior.