Integrative assessment of the transcriptome and virome of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae.

Abstract

Dermanyssus gallinae is a blood-feeding mite that parasitises on wild birds and farmed poultry. The D. gallinae mite has a short life cycle of fewer than two weeks from the egg to an egg-laying female. The remarkably swift processing of blood, together with the capacity to blood-feed in most developmental stages, makes this mite a highly debilitating pest. We have constructed developmental stage-specific transcriptomes, through Illumina RNA-seq, to mine the repertoire of protein-encoding mRNA transcripts, products of which participate in key processes that ensure the success of blood digestion, rapid ontogeny, and immunity. As a result of high reproductive capacity, the prevalence of D. gallinae in egg-producing poultry farms globally causes significant economic losses. Acaricides that are used to limit the reproduction of D. gallinae mites target cys-loop ion channels, which are widely shared across the phylogeny of invertebrates. To catalogue a comprehensive list of potential invertebrate-specific ion channels, we have constructed and analysed an additional RNA-seq library of D. gallinae micro-dissected midguts, a tissue with direct exposure to host blood and potential anti-parasitics. We phylogenetically defined groups of cys-loop proteins and probed their sensitivity to selected acaricides. Ultimately, we have catalogued all assembled transcripts and their expression values in a hyper-linked excel sheet with available sequences of individual contigs. The transcriptomic data were complemented by mass-spectrometry (MS)-based metabolite identification and by viability assays using selected inhibitors applied either by microinjection or through artificial membrane feeding. Additionally, we have described the RNA-virome of D. gallinae and identified a novel virus dubbed Red Mite Quaranjavirus 1.