To See, Not to See, or to See Poorly: Perceptual Quality and Guess Rate as a Function of Electroencephalography (EEG) Brain Activity in an Orientation Perception Task

Detection of visual stimuli fluctuates over time, and these fluctuations have been shown to correlate with time-domain evoked activity and frequency-domain periodic activity. However, it is unclear if these fluctuations are related to a change in guess rate, perceptual quality, or both. Here we determined whether the quality of perception randomly varies across trials or is fixed so that the variability is the same. Then we estimated how perceptual quality and guess rate on an orientation perception task relates to EEG activity. Response errors were fitted to variable precision models and the standard mixture model to determine whether perceptual quality is from a varying or fixed distribution. Overall, the best fit was the standard mixture model that assumes response variability can be defined by a fixed distribution. The power and phase of 2-7 Hz post-target activities were found to vary along with task performance in that more accurate trials had greater power, and the preferred phase differed significantly between accurate and guess trials. Guess rate and {sigma} were significantly lower on trials with high 2-3 Hz power than low and the difference started around 250 ms post-target. These effects coincide with changes in the P3 ERP: there was a more positive deflection in the accurate trials vs guesses. These results suggest that the spread of errors (perceptual quality) can be characterized by a fixed range of values. Where the errors fall within that range is modulated by the post-target power in the lower frequency bands and their analogous ERPs.