Recalling a single object: going beyond the capacity debate

Abstract

Working memory is now established as a limited capacity system. The debate regarding working memory has been largely between slots and resource based models. The resource model suggests that as the number of items increases, precision of recall decreases because neural resources are dynamically allocate to all the objects needed for task. Slot model on the other hand implies that an item is stored either with the highest precision or not at all. If both these models stand true then quality of memory performance would be near perfect for a single object. However, that may not be the case. In the current work, we investigated recall accuracy for feature(s) of a single object in three successive experiments. In all three experiments, the memory array consisted of a single colored oriented short line presented a short distance away from the center of the display for 1 sec. We probed recall of features from the set of color, location, orientation, and size. In experiment 1 number of recall question varied between 1 - 4 with the order randomized in each trial. In experiment 2 we chose to probe only two feature recall questions, whereas only one recall question was probed for the third experiment. In experiment 3 we varied the delay before the recall probe between 1 and 2 s. The recall response for each feature was mapped on to a continuous variable. Subjects used a color wheel to respond to color, on-screen mouse click to indicate center of the line location, click away from the center to indicate size, and a mouse click to the periphery of centered circle to indicate orientation with the slant of the resulting radial line. We calculated z-scores of errors for each feature for every subject separately. In experiment 1 that for color, location, and size the errors increase significantly with the position of the questions asked. In experiment 2, the errors increased significantly between questions for color and location (but not for orientation and size). In experiment 3, we did not see any significant increase in error with recall probe delay. Overall run-time for each trial was within 10 secs, well within the limits of operation of working memory. This drop in performance poses questions for memory mechanisms proposed by slot and resource models as both would predict near-perfect recall within the time-period for the trials.