Systematic review and meta-analysis of Hyalomma marginatum vertebrate hosts in the EU

Host choice is a determining component of tick population and pathogen transmission dynamics. In Europe, ticks of the genus Hyalomma, which are involved in the transmission of several pathogens such as the Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus, are suspected to be spreading into new territories where they were previously unreported. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the tick-host relationship of Hyalomma spp in Europe with a focus on Hyalomma marginatum, combined with a meta-analysis and meta-regression to describe its host preference pattern using three outcome values. Our initial qualitative analysis highlighted an increase in tick-host interaction rate in the last decades mostly in South-eastern and Central Europe. H. marginatum also appeared as the species holding the highest citation rate in terms of its association with hosts, and for which the largest number of host species were reported. The meta-analysis on Hyalomma marginatum host choice revealed preferential interactions for horses in the adult stage and birds of the Emberizidae and Strigidae families, in immature stages. Nevertheless, most of the heterogeneity of tick-host interactions remained unexplained suggesting the involvement of multiple drivers such as environmental or climatic conditions. Our results suggest that H. marginatum is a generalist tick whose distribution depends primarily on environmental conditions such as climate and habitat. Current limitations of our meta-analysis approach to identify hosts preference for H. marginatum and suggestions ways for improvement are further discussed.