Patterns of gene-body-methylation conservation and its divergent association with gene expression in Pigeonpea and Soybean

Abstract

Pigeonpea and Soybean are closely related agronomically important legumes that diverged [~]23 million years ago followed by a whole genome duplication event in Soybean. However, the impact of divergence on their epigenomes is not known. Comparative epigenomics is a powerful tool to understand shaping of epigenomes and its functional consequences during evolution. In this study, we investigated the conservation and divergence of Gene body methylation (GbM) and gene-expression patterns between the two species. We compared their genome-wide DNA methylation landscape at single-base resolution and studied the influence of GbM on duplicate gene retention. Our results indicate that during the divergence of Pigeonpea and Soybean, the effects of methylation on gene expression evolved in a heterogeneous manner. GbM features-slow evolution rate and increased length remained conserved in Pigeonpea and Soybean. We also found that contrary to high CG-methylation conservation, non-CG methylated genes remained diverged during evolution due to transposons insertion in adjacent sequences. The methylation differences in paralogs were associated with expression divergence. Notably, we found that variably methylated marks are less likely to target evolutionary conserved sequences. Finally, our findings identify conservation of nitrogen-related genes during evolution, which are promising candidates for epi-alleles for crop improvement.