Fecal untargeted metabolomic and short-chain fatty acid analyses in cats with chronic kidney disease

BackgroundThe gut-kidney axis plays a direct role in gastrointestinal and kidney health. Gut-derived metabolites like uremic toxins are associated with the pathophysiology of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of the study was to identify novel fecal biomarkers and investigate the roles of gastrointestinal metabolites in feline CKD. ResultsFecal samples from 41 healthy non-CKD (control) and 67 CKD cats, including 5 IRIS stage 1 (CKD1), 37 stage 2a (CKD2a), 18 stage 2b (CKD2b), and 7 stage 3 (CKD3), were subject to fecal untargeted metabolomics and targeted short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analyses. Multiple linear regression, adjusted for sex, age, body weight and study site, identified 64 differential metabolites between control and across CKD groups (P<0.0001 and FDR<0.10). Approximately 65% of the metabolites were lipids, including polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids, acylcarnitines, and ceramides. Random Forest algorithm selected N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY), a uremic toxin from nicotinamide catabolism, as the top fecal marker for classifying feline CKD. Fecal 2PY was increased in CKD1 (P = 0.03), CKD2a, CKD2b, and CKD3 (all P<0.0001) compared to the controls. Data mining revealed serum concentration of 2PY was significantly increased with severity of CKD in cats, possibly due to impaired renal excretion. Cholesterol and arachidonic acid, markers for enterocyte shedding and inflammation, were increased in CKD3 versus control (both P<0.05). In healthy non-CKD cats, evident suggested fecal lipids increased with age (P<0.0001), and were higher in females versus males (P<0.0001). While fecal indole and p-cresol were increased in CKD3 versus control (both P<0.05), no change was observed in indoxyl sulfate (IS) or p-cresol sulfate (PCS). Fecal indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was decreased in several CKD groups compared to the controls (all P<0.05). Finally, two branched SCFAs, isobutyrate and isovalerate, were increased in CKD3 versus control (both P<0.05). ConclusionsThe study revealed 2PY as a novel marker and unveiled profound alterations in intestinal lipid compositions with a potential link to gut barrier integrity and inflammation in CKD.