Characterizing behavioral and physiological changes in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) with changing thermal regimes in the Canadian Pacific west coast

Abstract

Understanding the impacts of sea temperature changes on marine fishes physiology and behavior is critical for marine ecosystem management. Around Vancouver Island, threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations thrive in areas that differ by {+/-} 10{degrees}C. To understand the acclimatory potential of stickleback, fish were exposed to cold (10{degrees}C), control (15{degrees}C), or warm (20{degrees}C) water treatments for 4 weeks. Their acclimation response was tested using the novel tank test (NTT), black-white test (BWT), measuring growth, determining critical thermal maxima (CTmax), and measuring heat shock proteins (HSPs). We found that CTmax differed significantly between treatments, however, the increase in acclimation temperature was not proportional to the increase in CTmax. In the BWT, the average number of crosses and duration that fish spent in the white zone was lower in the cold treatment than the control, while these metrics were higher in the warm treatment. A similar trend was observed in the NTT test, with warm treatment having the highest number of crosses and duration in the top third of the tank, and the cold treatment having the lowest. Surprisingly, fish in the cold treatment had a significantly greater change in weight and lowest HSP content than fish kept in the other treatments, which may be associated with energy expenditure and trade-offs for activity. Given these results, greater trade-offs in fish energy usage are anticipated in changing climates due to the acclimation limits of their bodies which would starkly affect ecosystem dynamics. HIGHLIGHTSO_LIClimate change is driving variability in habitats thermal regimes directly impacting the function and performance of animals. C_LIO_LIBehavioral changes (in anxiety or anti-predatory and exploratory behaviors) ensue under changing thermal environments. C_LIO_LIStickleback are reaching the ends of their acclimatory capacity under current peak summer water temperatures. C_LIO_LIConsequences are anticipated with continued warming through trade-offs among energetically expensive processes like behavior, growth, and stress response. C_LI