Genome-wide increased copy number is associated with emergence of super-fit clones of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans

Abstract

The plant pathogen that caused the Irish potato famine, Phytophthora infestans, continues to reemerge globally. These modern epidemics are caused by clonally reproducing lineages. In contrast, a sexual mode of reproduction is observed at its center of origin in Mexico. We conducted a comparative genomic analysis of 47 high coverage genomes to infer changes in genic copy number. We included samples from sexual populations at the center of origin as well as several dominant clonal lineages sampled worldwide. We conclude that sexual populations at the center of origin are diploid as was the lineage that caused the famine, while modern clonal lineages showed increased copy number (3x). Copy number variation (CNV) was found genome-wide and did not to adhere to the two-speed genome hypothesis. Although previously reported, tetraploidy was not found in any of the genomes evaluated. We propose a model of super-fit clone emergence supported by the epidemiological record (e.g., EU_13_A2, US-11, US-23) whereby higher copy number provides fitness leading to replacement of prior clonal lineages.