Inflammation and Cellular Stress Induced Neurological Sequelae of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

Abstract

BackgroundMalaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum results in severe complications including cerebral malaria (CM) especially in children. While the majority of falciparum malaria survivors make a full recovery, there are reports of some patients ending up with neurological sequelae. MethodsWe performed an analysis of pooled transcriptome data of whole blood samples derived from two studies involving various Plasmodium falciparum infections, comprising mild malaria (MM), non-cerebral severe malaria (NCM) and CM. Pathways and gene ontologies (GOs) elevated in the distinct falciparum infections were identified. ResultsContrary to other research findings, our analysis showed MM share similar biological processes with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, NCM is associated with drug resistance and glutathione metabolism and CM is correlated with endocannabinoid signaling and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). GO revealed the terms biogenesis, DNA damage response and IL-10 production in MM, down-regulation of cytoskeletal organization and amyloid-beta clearance in NCM and aberrant signaling, neutrophil degranulation and gene repression in CM. Differential gene expression analysis between CM and NCM showed the up-regulation of neutrophil activation and response to herbicides while regulation of axon diameter was down-regulated in CM. ConclusionsThe results of this study have demonstrated that the deleterious effect of falciparum malaria on the brain may not be limited to CM and NCM alone but also MM. However, the severity of neurological deficit in CM might be due to the down-regulation of various genes involved in cellular function through transcriptional repression, axonal dysfunction, dysregulation of signaling pathways and neurodegeneration as a result of inflammation and cellular stress. We anticipate that our data might form the basis for future hypothesis-driven malaria research.