A developmental ontology for the colonial architecture of salps

Abstract

Colonial animals are composed of clonal individuals that remain physically connected and physiologically integrated. Salps are urochordates with a dual life cycle including an asexual solitary stage that buds sexual colonies composed of jet-propelling zooids that efficiently swim together as a single unit by multi-jet propulsion. Colonies from different species develop distinct architectures characterized by their zooid arrangement patterns, but this diversity has received little attention. Thus, these architectures have never been formally defined using a framework of variables and axes that would allow comparative analyses. We set out to define an ontology of the salp colony architecture morphospace and describe the developmental pathways that build the different architectures. To inform these definitions, we collected and photographed live specimens of adult and developing colonies through offshore SCUBA diving. Since all salp colonies begin their development as a transversal double chain, we characterized each adult colonial architecture as a series of developmental transitions, such as rotations and translations of zooids, relative to their orientation at this early shared stage. We hypothesize that all adult architectures are either final or intermediate stages within three developmental pathways towards either bipinnate, cluster, or helical forms. This framework will enable comparative studies on the biomechanical implications, ecological functions, evolutionary history, and engineering applications of the diversity of salp colony architectures.