Hyaluronic acid hydrogels: Establishing a sustained delivery system for extracellular vesicles

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are versatile transporters of genetic cargo with enormous potential in the therapeutic setting. Scalable production of EVs, and routes to overcome rapid clearance are required. Biocompatible hydrogels may support precise, localized delivery of EVs to target sites. This study aimed to establish sustained production of EVs in a scalable 3D dynamic bioreactor and to fabricate hydrogels using tyramine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-TA) to study EV integration and release patterns. MDA-MB-231 cells transduced with lentiviral GFP fused with CD63, were cultured in a 20kD dynamic hollow fiber bioreactor and GFP-EVs harvested over five weeks. GFP-EVs were characterized by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis(NTA), Western Blot(WB) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM). Tyramine modified hyaluronic acid(HA-TA) hydrogels were formulated via enzymatic crosslinking using hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase, to investigate EV release patterns in static and dynamic conditions. Hydrogel swelling was recorded at 1-72 hrs and hydrogels were loaded with GFP-EVs to assess distribution and release by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and NTA respectively. GFP-EV uptake was assessed by confocal microscopy. Longitudinal GFP expression was demonstrated in transduced cells and released EVs throughout bioreactor culture. TEM and NTA demonstrated successful isolation of EVs of 30-200 nm in size with intact lipid bilayers (average 4x109 EVs/harvest). Initial harvests exhibited subpopulations of larger EVs, which disappeared upon serum withdrawal. WB verified the presence of EV markers CD63, TSG101, and CD81. HA-TA hydrogels were successfully formed and swelling assays revealed the requirement for higher concentrations of HA-TA and crosslinkers for scaffold stability and continued swelling. GFP-EVs were successfully incorporated into the hydrogels with variable release patterns observed over time, depending on EV concentration and hydrogel formulation. EV clusters in hydrogels were visualized by SEM. Investigation of GFP-EV release patterns under static and dynamic conditions highlighted a significant increase in release under fluid flow conditions. Efficient transfer of released EVs to recipient cells was also demonstrated in vitro. The data demonstrate the potential for scalable production of engineered EVs in serum free conditions and subsequent incorporation into HA-TA hydrogels for sustained release. These biocompatible hydrogels hold promise for tuneable delivery of therapeutic EVs in a variety of disease settings.