Natural diversity of honey bee (Apis mellifera) gut bacteriome in various climatic and seasonal states

As pollinators and producers of numerous human consumed products, honey bees have great ecological, economic and health importance. The composition of their bacteriota, for which the available knowledge is limited, is essential for their bodys functioning. Based on our survey, we performed a metagenomic analysis of samples collected by repeated sampling. We used geolocations that represent the climatic types of the study area over two nutritionally extreme periods (March and May) of the collection season. In bacteriome composition, significant (p=0.002) difference was found between the samples from March and May. The samples bacteriome from March showed a significant (p=0.02) composition difference between cooler and the warmer regions. However, there were no significant bacteriome composition differences among the climatic classes of samples taken in May. Based on our results, one may conclude that the composition of healthy core bacteriome in honey bees varies depending on the climatic and seasonal conditions. This is likely due to climatic factors and vegetation states determining the availability and nutrient content of flowering plants. The results of our study prove that in order to gain a thorough understanding of a microbiomes natural diversity, we need to obtain the necessary information from extreme ranges within the hosts health state.