Spatial variation in introgression along a toad hybrid zone in France

Abstract

The barrier effect is a restriction of gene flow between diverged populations by barrier genes. Restriction of gene flow and asymmetric introgression over multiple transects indicates species wide (genetic) adaptations, whereas transect-specific barrier loci may indicate local adaptation to gene flow. Asymmetric introgression can be caused by selection, hybrid zone movement, asymmetric reproductive isolation, or a combination of these. We study two widely separated transects (northwest and southeast France) for the 900 km long hybrid zone between Bufo bufo and B. spinosus toads, using ~1200 markers from restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing data. Genomic and geographic clines were used to identify outlier markers which show restricted or elevated introgression. Twenty-six barrier markers are shared between transects (the union of 56 and 123 barrier markers identified in each transect), which is more than would be expected by chance. However, the number of barrier markers is twice as high in the southeast transect. In the northwest transect a high amount of (asymmetric) introgression from B. spinosus into B. bufo is consistent with hybrid zone movement or asymmetric reproductive isolation. In the southeast transect, introgression is symmetric and consistent with a stable hybrid zone. Differences between transects may be related to genetic sub-structure within B. bufo. A longer period of secondary contact in southeast France appears to result in a relatively stronger barrier effect than in the northwest. The Bufo hybrid zone provides an excellent opportunity to separate a general barrier to gene flow from local reductions in gene flow.