Aniline Dioxygenase in Rhodococcus ruber R1: Insights into Skatole Degradation

Abstract

Skatole is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with a strong offensive odor, produced by microorganisms during the anaerobic breakdown of tryptophan. Skatole accumulation is linked to environmental and health issues. Despite its persistence and harmful effects, skatoles biodegradation by microorganisms is poorly understood. We have recently isolated a gram-positive bacterium, Rhodococcus ruber R1, which uses skatole as its sole carbon and energy source. Here we report an operon consisting of 14 genes encoding aromatic oxygenase systems involved in skatole degradation in Rhodococcus ruber R1. Cells growing on skatole accumulate aniline transiently, indicating its role as an intermediate in the degradation pathway. We characterize six genes in this cluster that encode for an aniline dioxygenase, which converts aniline to catechol and is only activated in the presence of skatole. This gene cluster was successfully introduced into a heterologous strain enabling the full degradation of aniline and its derivatives. Phylogenetic analysis of aniline dioxygenase present in R1 strain reveals a widespread distribution of this system among bacteria, in contrast to the full skatole cluster, which is restricted to a few genera. These findings advance our understanding of the skatole degradation pathway and highlight R1s potential for bioremediation of skatole, aniline, and related contaminants.