Temporal, genome-scale analysis of Myxococcus xanthus developmental fate in a mixed population

Abstract

Myxococcus xanthus bacteria form aggregates when starved on solid surfaces and some cells differentiate into spores. Studies of mutants in monoculture have advanced knowledge of this multi-cellular developmental process, but our understanding of the genetic determinants is incomplete. To assess gene function genomewide, we generated a pool of barcoded transposon insertion mutants, subjected it to starvation, and separated developmental samples into non-aggregated cells, aggregated cells, and spores. We also subjected our pool to chemically-induced unicellular sporulation. Evaluation of changes in the abundance of mutants in samples allowed identification of 200 genes in which insertions reproducibly caused distinct patterns of depletion and/or accumulation over time. Many of these genes have well-established roles in development, validating our approach, while many others have not previously been associated with development. Genes involved in type IV pili (T4P)-dependent motility were more important than gliding motility genes for aggregation and sporulation in the mixed population. Although exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis genes are required for aggregation in monoculture, most were dispensable for aggregation in our pool, consistent with EPS sharing between cells, yet these genes were required cell-autonomously for efficient sporulation. Genes for positive regulators of EPS synthesis were important for aggregation as well as sporulation, suggesting functions beyond EPS production. Insertions in several novel genes impaired both starvation- and chemically-induced sporulation. Many genes increased the efficiency of starvation-induced sporulation. Some of these mutants, which we call "developmental winners", are novel cheaters. Our results demonstrate the power of using the newly-created mutant library to elucidate M. xanthus biology.