Computational metabolomics reveals overlooked chemodiversity of alkaloid scaffolds in Piper fimbriulatum

Plant specialized metabolites play key roles in diverse physiological processes and ecological interactions. Identifying structurally novel metabolites, as well as discovering known compounds in new species, is often crucial for answering broader biological questions. The Piper genus (Piperaceae family) is known for its special phytochemistry and has been extensively studied over the past decades. Here, we investigated the alkaloid diversity of Piper fimbriulatum, a myrmecophytic plant native to Central America, using a metabolomics workflow that combines untargeted LC-MS/MS analysis with a range of recently-developed computational tools. Specifically, we leverage open MS/MS spectral libraries and metabolomics data repositories for metabolite annotation, guiding isolation efforts towards structurally-new compounds (i.e., dereplication). As a result, we identified several alkaloids belonging to 5 different classes and isolated one novel seco-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid featuring a linear quaternary amine moiety that we named fimbriulatumine. Notably, many of the identified compounds were never reported in Piperaceae plants. Our findings expand the known alkaloid diversity of this family, and demonstrate the value of revisiting well-studied plant families using state-of-the-art computational metabolomics workflows to uncover previously overlooked chemodiversity. To contextualize our findings into a broader biological context, we employed a workflow for automated mining of literature reports of the identified alkaloid scaffolds and mapped the results onto the angiosperm tree of life. By doing so, we highlight the remarkable alkaloid diversity within the Piper genus and provide a framework for generating hypotheses on the biosynthetic evolution of these specialized metabolites. Many of the computational tools and data resources used in this study remain underutilized within the plant science community. This manuscript demonstrates their potential through a practical application and aims to promote broader accessibility to untargeted metabolomics approaches. Significance StatementWe combine untargeted metabolomics with a range of recently developed computational tools to uncover a previously overlooked diversity of alkaloid scaffolds in Piper fimbriulatum. Our findings demonstrate the potential of revisiting well-studied plant families using state-of-the-art computational metabolomics workflows to uncover previously overlooked chemodiversity.